# Spanish Residency Permits Compared for Marbella Property Buyers: The 6-Option Map 2026

The Golden Visa is dead as of April 2025. The replacement landscape is messier — six active permits, each with different income thresholds, tax exposures, and conversion paths to permanent residency or citizenship. Marbella buyers used to default to the Golden Visa; now they have to choose the right route based on age, income source, family structure, and whether they actually want to become Spanish tax residents.

## Direct answer

After the **Golden Visa abolition (Real Decreto-Ley 6/2025, in force April 2025)**, the six active Spanish residency permits relevant to Marbella property buyers are: **(1) Non-Lucrativa Visa** (passive income, €34K+ per year, no work permitted), **(2) Digital Nomad Visa** (remote work for foreign employer, ~€32K/year minimum, special tax regime available), **(3) Beckham Law special tax regime** (high earners moving to Spain for work, 24% flat rate up to €600K), **(4) Investor Visa transition / Modelo permits** (limited remaining paths), **(5) Family Reunification** (joining Spanish-resident family member), **(6) Student Visa** (study-based, convertible to work). Each carries different paths to permanent residency (5 years), Spanish citizenship (10 years generally, 2 years for some LatAm), and tax residency implications. See our [Golden Visa transition article](/article-golden-visa-transition-existing-holders-en) for the post-abolition specifics.

## The six permits side-by-side

| Permit | Best for | Min income/funds | Work allowed in Spain? | Tax-resident impact | Conversion to PR (5y)? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Lucrativa | Retirees, passive-income holders | €34,000/year for primary applicant | No | Yes (residency = tax residency) | Yes |
| Digital Nomad | Remote workers, freelancers | €32,000/year (approx) | Remote work for foreign company only | Yes (Beckham option available) | Yes |
| Beckham Law special tax | High earners moving to Spain to work for Spanish employer | No fixed minimum | Yes (within Spain) | Yes, but special-regime tax | Yes |
| Investor / EB-style residual | Pre-April-2025 Golden Visa holders | Pre-existing investment | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Family Reunification | Spouse/family of Spanish resident | Family member must be resident with minimum income | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Student | Under-30s studying in Spain | Coverage of tuition + €600/month | Limited (20 hours/week) | Sometimes | Convertible after 3 years |

The right permit depends on three things: where your income comes from, whether you want Spanish tax residency, and your timeline for permanent status.

## Permit 1: Non-Lucrativa Visa (NLV)

The Non-Lucrativa is the workhorse permit for retirees and passive-income earners. It explicitly forbids work in Spain (whether for a Spanish or foreign employer) and requires proof of passive income.

| Detail | Specification |
|---|---|
| Legal basis | Ley Orgánica 4/2000 + Real Decreto 557/2011 |
| Income requirement | IPREM x 4 for primary applicant = ~€34,000/year (2026 IPREM €8,400 × 4) |
| Per dependent | IPREM x 1 = €8,400/year added per family member |
| Source of income | Pension, rental income, dividends, capital — not Spanish salary |
| Work in Spain | Prohibited (any work for Spanish or foreign employer) |
| Health insurance | Private Spanish-compatible policy required (no NHS gaps) |
| Initial validity | 1 year |
| Renewal | 2 years, then 2 years again, then permanent residency at year 5 |
| Tax residency | Triggered immediately upon residency (worldwide income tax) |
| Cost | €80 visa fee + €60–80 NIE + legal fees €1,500–3,500 |
| Time | 6–10 weeks from application to issued visa |

The NLV is the simplest path for a retiree from the UK, Germany, or Northern Europe who is buying a Marbella property and intends to relocate. Application is filed at the Spanish consulate in the home country, not in Spain. Pre-arrival application is mandatory.

The major friction: the work prohibition is broad. Many retirees who want to maintain consulting or directorships find the NLV restrictive. The Digital Nomad Visa is more flexible if income comes from remote-work arrangements.

## Permit 2: Digital Nomad Visa (DNV)

Introduced via Ley 28/2022 (the Startups Law), the DNV is designed for remote workers employed by foreign companies or self-employed serving foreign clients. It is the post-Golden-Visa workhorse for younger HNW buyers.

| Detail | Specification |
|---|---|
| Legal basis | Ley 28/2022 (Startups Law) |
| Income requirement | IPREM x 200% = ~€32,500/year minimum |
| Source of income | Foreign employer or foreign clients (≥80% of revenue) |
| Work in Spain | Remote for foreign company; up to 20% Spanish-client income permitted |
| Health insurance | Private or convenio especial with Spanish social security |
| Initial validity | 1 year (in-country) or 3 years (via consulate abroad) |
| Renewal | 2 years at each renewal |
| Tax residency | Triggered; Beckham-equivalent special regime available (24% flat to €600K, 47% above) |
| Cost | €80 visa fee + legal fees €2,000–4,000 |
| Time | 4–8 weeks via in-Spain application |

The DNV's hidden gem is the Beckham-equivalent special tax regime — DNV holders can elect for the 24% flat rate on Spanish-source income up to €600K. This made the DNV the de facto replacement for the Golden Visa for tech founders, remote-working professionals, and freelancers buying in Marbella.

The application is fastest in-Spain (4–8 weeks via the Unidad de Grandes Empresas y Colectivos Estratégicos / UGE-CE) compared to 8–14 weeks via the consulate route. Most Marbella DNV applicants apply after arriving on a tourist visa.

## Permit 3: Beckham Law special tax regime

The Beckham Law (Real Decreto 1006/1985 as amended, formal name régimen especial aplicable a los trabajadores desplazados a territorio español) is a tax regime, not a separate visa. You still need underlying residency (typically via employment-based visa, sometimes via DNV). It treats you as if you were a non-resident for tax purposes for 6 years.

| Detail | Specification |
|---|---|
| Legal basis | Real Decreto 1006/1985 (substantially amended by Ley 14/2013, Ley 26/2014) |
| Eligibility | Must not have been Spanish-resident in prior 5 years; must move to Spain for employment |
| Tax rate | 24% on first €600,000 of Spanish-source income; 47% above |
| Foreign income | Generally exempt (with caveats around dividends from Spanish-tax-haven jurisdictions) |
| Wealth Tax | Limited (Spanish assets only, not worldwide) |
| Modelo 720 | Still required for foreign assets |
| Duration | First year + 5 subsequent years (max 6 years) |
| Election | Within 6 months of arrival |
| Cost (filing) | €1,500–€4,000 for asesor fiscal to file initial election |

Beckham is the most tax-efficient route for a high-earning professional buying in Marbella and relocating for work. It pairs naturally with the DNV. See our [Beckham Law 2026 changes article](/article-beckham-law-2026-changes-en) for the 2026 updates and how to elect.

## Permit 4: Investor visa / Golden Visa remnants

The Golden Visa programme — which allowed residency in exchange for €500K real-estate investment — was abolished by Real Decreto-Ley 6/2025 in April 2025. The transition rules:

| Profile | Status |
|---|---|
| Already held Golden Visa pre-April 2025 | Continues until next renewal; renewable indefinitely under transitional regime |
| Application filed before April 2025 but not yet issued | Processing continues; if approved, treated as pre-existing |
| Application filed after April 2025 | Refused (programme closed) |
| Investment made pre-April 2025, application not yet filed | Disputed; some applications being accepted on transitional basis, others refused |

For new buyers post-2025, the Golden Visa is not a route. Use DNV, NLV, or Beckham-employment instead. See our [Golden Visa transition article](/article-golden-visa-transition-existing-holders-en) for existing holders' rights.

## Permit 5: Family Reunification (Reagrupación Familiar)

For family members joining a Spanish resident — spouse, registered civil partner, dependent children under 18 (or under 21 in some EU cases), and parents over 65 if dependent.

| Detail | Specification |
|---|---|
| Eligibility | Spanish resident with at least 1 year of legal residency + income proof |
| Income requirement | IPREM x 1.5 per family member + IPREM x 0.5 additional |
| Application | Filed by the resident family member at Spanish Foreigner Office |
| Initial validity | Same as the principal's residency |
| Tax residency | Triggered when 183 days exceeded |
| Cost | €40–80 application fee + legal €1,000–€2,500 |
| Time | 6–12 weeks |

This is the route for a Marbella property buyer who is moving as part of a couple where one spouse already has Spanish residency for other reasons (work transfer, prior employment).

## Permit 6: Student visa

For under-30s (sometimes older) studying at a Spanish or Spain-recognised institution. Convertible to work-based residency after 3 years of continuous study.

| Detail | Specification |
|---|---|
| Eligibility | Acceptance letter from accredited Spanish institution |
| Income requirement | IPREM x 1 = ~€8,400/year + tuition cover |
| Work in Spain | Limited (up to 20 hours/week) |
| Initial validity | Length of study programme (max 1 year initially) |
| Renewal | Annually for length of programme |
| Tax residency | Possible if >183 days |
| Cost | €80 visa fee + tuition |
| Time | 6–10 weeks |

Relevant for Marbella buyers whose children study at the international schools (Sotogrande International, Aloha College, Laude San Pedro). Spanish university routes (Universidad de Málaga, IE University Marbella satellite) are also covered.

## Path to permanent residency and citizenship

All six permits have parallel structures for converting to permanent residency (5 years of continuous legal residency) and citizenship (10 years for most, 2 years for nationals of Latin American countries, Andorra, Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Sephardic Jewish descendants).

| Stage | Years required (typical) |
|---|---|
| Initial residency permit | Year 1 |
| First renewal | Year 2 |
| Second renewal | Year 4 |
| Permanent residency (PR) | Year 5 |
| Citizenship | Year 10 (year 2 if LatAm) |

Continuity matters. Extended absences (more than 6 months in a calendar year, or more than 10 months over 5 years) can break continuity. Buyers who plan to maintain non-Spanish presence for tax reasons should structure stays carefully — see our tax residency implications article .

## The trade-offs by buyer profile

| Buyer profile | Best permit | Why |
|---|---|---|
| UK retiree, no Spanish income, has UK pension | Non-Lucrativa | Designed for this exact profile |
| US tech founder, sells US business, wants 6yr tax shelter | DNV + Beckham | Combination is the post-GoldenVisa default |
| German remote consultant, income from German clients | DNV | Permitted work source; Beckham election available |
| French executive transferring to Spanish subsidiary | Beckham via employment | Direct route; 6-year tax shelter |
| HNW from non-EU country wanting passive residency | Non-Lucrativa | Post-Golden-Visa replacement for passive residency |
| Family with school-age children, partner already working in Spain | Family Reunification | Simplest if the trigger event exists |
| Family with university-age children studying in Marbella | Student (for child) + NLV (for parents) | Two-permit family structure |
| Pre-April-2025 Golden Visa holder | Continue under transition regime | Status quo until next renewal |

## Where buyers commonly trip up

**Believing property purchase grants residency.** It does not — and has not since 1985. Owning a Marbella property gives you the right to spend up to 90 days per 180-day Schengen period, no more. Residency comes only from a permit.

**Confusing the Non-Lucrativa "no work" rule.** No work in Spain means: no Spanish employment, no Spanish self-employment, no Spanish board roles. Foreign passive income (dividends, rentals, pensions) is allowed. Foreign remote work is in a grey zone — the AEAT and Foreigner Office interpretations have shifted post-DNV introduction. If you intend to work remotely, use the DNV instead.

**Filing for the Non-Lucrativa from inside Spain.** The NLV must be applied for at the Spanish consulate in your country of legal residence. Applications filed from within Spain are routinely refused.

**Forgetting the Beckham election deadline.** Beckham must be elected within 6 months of starting Spanish residency. Miss the deadline and you fall under the standard IRPF regime (47% top rate, worldwide income). Election is via Modelo 149.

**Underestimating health insurance requirements.** NLV and DNV applicants must show comprehensive private Spanish-compatible health insurance with no co-payments and no waiting periods. The cheap travel-insurance policies from your home country do not qualify. Budget €1,200–€4,000/year per adult.

**Not filing for Modelo 720 in year of residency.** Spanish tax residency triggers Modelo 720 disclosure. Most permit holders are slow on this. See our [Modelo 720 article](/article-marbella-modelo-720-foreign-asset-en) for the specifics.

**Assuming a permit grants automatic Schengen access.** Spanish residency permits authorise residency in Spain. Travel within Schengen is straightforward but not unlimited — count days under the 90/180 rule for any single non-Spain Schengen country.

**Believing citizenship is automatic at year 10.** Spanish citizenship by residency requires: continuous legal residency (no extended absences), demonstrated integration (Spanish language A2 test + CCSE constitutional knowledge test), clean criminal record, oath of allegiance and (for most countries) renunciation of prior nationality. The renunciation requirement is the dealbreaker for many UK, US, Canadian, Australian buyers.

## Cost map across the six permits

| Permit | Application fee | Legal fees (typical) | Annual maintenance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Lucrativa | €80 + €60–80 NIE | €1,500–€3,500 | €60 (renewal admin) |
| Digital Nomad | €80 + €60–80 NIE | €2,000–€4,000 | €60 (renewal admin) |
| Beckham (election) | €0 (part of IRPF filing) | €1,500–€4,000 first year | €600–€2,000 annual asesor fiscal |
| Investor (existing GV) | Renewal fee | €1,000–€3,000 per renewal | €200 admin |
| Family Reunification | €40–80 | €1,000–€2,500 | €60 |
| Student | €80 | €500–€1,500 | €60 + tuition |

Plus health insurance €1,200–€4,000/year per adult for NLV / DNV / Family / Student.

## When to call Muse

Six months before your intended Marbella move — sooner if you are evaluating between NLV, DNV, and Beckham options. We coordinate with two Marbella immigration law firms who can run the optimal-permit decision tree against your income profile and structure the application in parallel with your property purchase timeline. Founder Max Bykov reviews every brief personally.

## FAQ

**Can I have residency via property purchase like the old Golden Visa?**
No. The Golden Visa was abolished in April 2025. New buyers must use one of the active permit routes (NLV, DNV, Beckham via employment, Family Reunification, Student). The property purchase itself does not grant residency.

**Which permit gives me the lowest tax exposure?**
Beckham, by a wide margin — 24% flat rate on Spanish-source income up to €600K, foreign income largely exempt for 6 years. Requires employment-based entry (often achieved via DNV with subsequent Beckham election). See our [Beckham Law 2026 article](/article-beckham-law-2026-changes-en).

**Can I switch between permits?**
Generally yes, with constraints. NLV-to-DNV requires a new application from inside Spain showing income source change. DNV-to-Beckham is a tax-regime change, not a permit change. Family Reunification can convert to independent residency after the principal's permit is established.

**How long until I can apply for permanent residency?**
5 years of continuous legal residency under any of the permits. Continuity is critical — extended absences break the clock. Verify your absence pattern with an immigration lawyer before assuming you have built the qualifying years.

**Does my Marbella property count toward income for the NLV?**
Rental income from your Marbella property does count toward the IPREM × 4 income test for the NLV. Imputed income (if you do not rent) does not count — only actual rental cash flow. Most NLV applicants rely on foreign pension, foreign rental, foreign dividends, or savings drawdown.

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**Choosing your Spanish residency route alongside your Marbella purchase?** Muse Marbella's transaction desk coordinates with immigration lawyers in Marbella to run the permit-decision tree and time your visa application alongside your closing. Founder Max Bykov reviews every brief personally. Browse current [Marbella properties](/properties) and start the immigration file 6 months before your target move date.



## Related Reading

- [Golden Visa Transition for Existing Holders — Post-2025 Rules | Muse Marbella](/article-golden-visa-transition-existing-holders-en)
- Becoming a Spanish Tax Resident — Implications for Marbella Buyers | Muse Marbella
- [Modelo 720 for Marbella Property Buyers Crossing Into Spanish Tax Residency | Muse Marbella](/article-marbella-modelo-720-foreign-asset-en)
- [Beckham Law 2026 Changes for Marbella Buyers | Muse Marbella](/article-beckham-law-2026-changes-en)
- [Cross-Jurisdiction Tax Planning for Marbella Buyers | Muse Marbella](/article-marbella-cross-jurisdiction-tax-planning-en)